Deep Learning: Techniques, Taxonomy, Applications, and Directions

This research article offers a comprehensive overview of deep learning (DL), positioning it as a vital technology within the Fourth Industrial Revolution. It meticulously examines various DL techniques, categorising them into supervised, unsupervised, and hybrid approaches, while also highlighting their diverse applications across sectors like healthcare, cybersecurity, and natural language processing. The paper further discusses the properties and dependencies of DL, differentiating it from traditional machine learning. Finally, it identifies key research directions and future aspects for…