How to sanction without causing pain?

In the humanitarian sector, dedicated to alleviating people’s suffering, how to qualify a misconduct and impose a potentially painful sanction? How can one judge, i.e. consider that everyone is responsible for their act, in a working area based on the fact that human inequalities are partly due to social determinisms? To what extent tolerating deviance is exacerbated and sentences are attenuated if not lifted?
Article: https://shs.cairn.info/revue-sociologies-pratiques-2023-1-page-55?